Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,794 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%), the United States (9%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
United States656 kt (est. 17%)Norway633 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan412 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom321 kt (est. 8%)Libya264 kt (est. 7%)Iraq177 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan95 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins548 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data341 kt (9%)Germany: crude origin not reported203 kt (5%)Germany: crude not from imports69 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported55 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports20 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.62 Mt (69%)Netherlands563 kt (15%)United States341 kt (9%)Belgium217 kt (6%)Denmark45 kt (1%)Czechia4.1 kt (<1%)Austria2.4 kt (<1%)France2.3 kt (<1%)Spain0.9 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.79 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Czechia
- Austria
- France
- Other (2)
- United States656 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway633 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan412 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom321 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya264 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq177 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan95 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins548 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data341 kt (9%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported203 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude not from imports69 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported55 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports20 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2024)
563.3 thousand tonnes
15% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States165 kt (est. 29%)
- Other crude origins101 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway85 kt (est. 15%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,617,675 | 69.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 563,257 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 340,986 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 217,312 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 45,103 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,117 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 497,924 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 426,661 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 389,254 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 349,102 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 340,986 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 245,973 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 234,946 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 203,270 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 164,963 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 108,470 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 100,962 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 93,277 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 84,586 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 68,797 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 59,087 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 57,540 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 54,484 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 44,373 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 44,285 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 42,928 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 34,874 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 19,889 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Denmark | 19,537 | 43.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 18,316 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,068 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 17,896 | 39.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 17,037 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,590 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 7,883 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 5,716 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,045 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Denmark | 1,954 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,702 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,419 | 34.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,192 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 764 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 610 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 564 | 64.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 529 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 378 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 246 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 241 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 209 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 185 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 176 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 150 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 147 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 147 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 128 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 124 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 115 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 54 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 49 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 48 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 38 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 37 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 27 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 26 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 17 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 14 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Spain | 13 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 5 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 3 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (340,986 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (203,270 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (68,797 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (54,999 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (19,871 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.