Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,145 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway577 kt (est. 18%)United States509 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan341 kt (est. 11%)Libya300 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom291 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan92 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria90 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins403 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported288 kt (9%)United States: no crude data110 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data60 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported39 kt (1%)India: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.27 Mt (72%)Netherlands422 kt (13%)Belgium173 kt (5%)United States110 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates60 kt (2%)Sweden49 kt (2%)India33 kt (1%)Slovakia9.7 kt (<1%)Czechia8.7 kt (<1%)Hungary3.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers4.7 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.14 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Sweden
- India
- Slovakia
- Other (5)
- Norway577 kt (est. 18%)
- United States509 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan341 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya300 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom291 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan92 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria90 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins403 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported288 kt (9%)
- United States: no crude data110 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data60 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported39 kt (1%)
- India: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
577.0 thousand tonnes
est. 18% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported577 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)443 kt (est. 77%)
- Netherlands73 kt (est. 13%)
- Belgium36 kt (est. 6%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,271,140 | 72.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 422,150 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 172,789 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 109,663 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 60,056 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 49,100 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 33,041 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,700 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 8,745 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,683 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Hungary | Germany: road diesel supply | 3,704 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 442,999 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 361,319 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 288,032 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 271,313 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 269,316 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 244,184 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 229,658 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 110,645 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 109,663 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 86,352 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 82,239 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 72,889 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 69,192 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 60,056 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 53,170 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 49,210 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 47,161 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 35,679 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 33,104 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,041 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 25,902 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 25,263 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 19,680 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,677 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 13,880 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 10,547 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 9,258 | 95.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 8,775 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,371 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,433 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 5,998 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,764 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 4,592 | 9.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,844 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,799 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,677 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 3,172 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,835 | 76.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 2,497 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,988 | 66.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,888 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1,475 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,457 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,138 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 745 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 586 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 563 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 544 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 396 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 335 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 305 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 282 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 207 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 164 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 158 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 138 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 86 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 81 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 31 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 14 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (288,032 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (109,663 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (60,056 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (39,200 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (33,041 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (13,002 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (31 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.