Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,539 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway662 kt (est. 19%)United States553 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan384 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom276 kt (est. 8%)Libya270 kt (est. 8%)Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria149 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins527 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported150 kt (4%)United States: no crude data144 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports71 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported48 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported43 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.38 Mt (67%)Netherlands585 kt (17%)Belgium271 kt (8%)United States144 kt (4%)Sweden72 kt (2%)Oman33 kt (<1%)Finland33 kt (<1%)Denmark11 kt (<1%)Austria3.1 kt (<1%)Czechia2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.7 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.54 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Sweden
- Oman
- Finland
- Denmark
- Other (4)
- Norway662 kt (est. 19%)
- United States553 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan384 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom276 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya270 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria149 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins527 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported150 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data144 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports71 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported48 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported43 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2024)
32.9 thousand tonnes
<1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,383,195 | 67.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 584,922 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 271,355 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 144,083 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 71,511 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,882 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,845 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,986 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 425,950 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 379,985 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 369,281 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 278,764 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 261,082 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 200,221 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 155,517 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 149,978 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 144,083 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 121,525 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 103,809 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 96,310 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 91,675 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 70,741 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 67,602 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 60,404 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 55,625 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 51,031 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 50,774 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 48,171 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 47,859 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 37,910 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 35,044 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 34,068 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 33,640 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 32,882 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 21,714 | 66.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 18,840 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 18,466 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 11,033 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 8,005 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 7,260 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Denmark | 6,254 | 56.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,724 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 4,594 | 14.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 4,165 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 4,164 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,940 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 3,234 | 9.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 2,764 | 25.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,229 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,893 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,661 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,659 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,524 | 74.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,410 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 604 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 498 | 78.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 456 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 412 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 392 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 387 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 361 | 36.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 315 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 300 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 210 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 198 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 171 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 164 | 5.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 144 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 131 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 126 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 102 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 71 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 67 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 47 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 15 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 14 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (149,978 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (144,083 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (70,741 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (47,859 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (42,938 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (32,882 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,759 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.