Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 4,217 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%), Belgium (7%) and the United States (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
United States843 kt (est. 20%)Norway643 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan352 kt (est. 8%)Libya307 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria217 kt (est. 5%)Iraq202 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom192 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins635 kt (est. 15%)United States: no crude data294 kt (7%)India: no crude data225 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported157 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported45 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported29 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.53 Mt (60%)Netherlands720 kt (17%)Belgium301 kt (7%)United States294 kt (7%)India225 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates72 kt (2%)Czechia26 kt (<1%)Sweden24 kt (<1%)Finland16 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers4.0 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply4.22 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- India
- United Arab Emirates
- Czechia
- Sweden
- Other (5)
- United States843 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway643 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan352 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya307 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria217 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq202 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom192 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins635 kt (est. 15%)
- United States: no crude data294 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data225 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported157 kt (4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported45 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported29 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
2.53 million tonnes
60% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States591 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway502 kt (est. 20%)
- Other crude origins409 kt (est. 16%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,533,252 | 60.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 719,872 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 301,361 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 293,659 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 225,276 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 72,152 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 25,905 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 23,602 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,599 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 590,588 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 501,760 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 409,157 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 305,460 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 293,659 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 270,186 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 225,276 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 194,453 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 156,665 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 131,578 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 103,873 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 99,722 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 95,842 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 79,200 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 77,639 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 76,873 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 74,266 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 72,152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 66,197 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 54,427 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 48,586 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 45,348 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 37,630 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 36,043 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27,615 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 26,780 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 24,747 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 19,076 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 18,052 | 69.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 13,838 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 12,743 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,944 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,213 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 2,475 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,256 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,208 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1,554 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,395 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,121 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 785 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 776 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 720 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 636 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 633 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 620 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 562 | 55.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 513 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 470 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 445 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 292 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 275 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 259 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 225 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 139 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 81 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 48 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 45 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 39 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (293,659 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (225,276 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (156,665 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (72,152 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (45,348 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (28,928 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,596 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,495 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.