Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,183 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
United States695 kt (est. 22%)Norway606 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan349 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom205 kt (est. 6%)Libya204 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria119 kt (est. 4%)Algeria106 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins457 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported182 kt (6%)United States: no crude data113 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data58 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports54 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.49 Mt (78%)Netherlands364 kt (11%)Belgium153 kt (5%)United States113 kt (4%)Kuwait58 kt (2%)Czechia2.5 kt (<1%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.18 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Kuwait
- Czechia
- Austria
- France
- Other (1)
- United States695 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway606 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan349 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom205 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya204 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria119 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria106 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins457 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported182 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data113 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data58 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports54 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported35 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2024)
2.49 million tonnes
78% of Germany's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States559 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway526 kt (est. 21%)
- Other crude origins323 kt (est. 13%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,490,629 | 78.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 363,710 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 153,351 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 113,255 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 57,734 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 558,822 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 526,380 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 322,754 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 306,250 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 203,812 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 182,013 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 163,623 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 113,255 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 104,350 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany (own refineries) | 101,279 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 90,371 | 24.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 71,483 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 57,734 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 56,090 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 54,213 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 41,494 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 32,106 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 31,643 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 30,244 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 24,897 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 23,764 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,737 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,087 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 15,384 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 12,949 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,481 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 4,376 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,958 | 79.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,037 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 492 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 376 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 292 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 264 | 12.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 125 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Austria | 53 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 29 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 27 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 22 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 22 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Austria | 17 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 16 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 12 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 5 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 3 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 1 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 1 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Germany split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (182,013 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (113,255 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (57,734 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (54,213 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34,953 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (156 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.