Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,567 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
United States692 kt (est. 19%)Norway618 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan402 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom316 kt (est. 9%)Libya210 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria159 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia113 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins567 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported227 kt (6%)United States: no crude data91 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data85 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported43 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports39 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.68 Mt (75%)Netherlands453 kt (13%)Belgium200 kt (6%)United States91 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates85 kt (2%)France29 kt (<1%)Sweden15 kt (<1%)India5.0 kt (<1%)Czechia2.9 kt (<1%)Austria1.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.7 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.57 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- France
- Sweden
- India
- Other (4)
- United States692 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway618 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan402 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom316 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya210 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria159 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia113 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins567 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported227 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data91 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data85 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported43 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports39 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2024)
84.9 thousand tonnes
2% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- United Arab Emirates85 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,683,549 | 75.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 453,025 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 200,097 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 90,879 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 84,866 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: road diesel supply | 29,415 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,030 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,042 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 513,490 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 509,712 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 428,399 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 338,086 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 263,445 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 227,295 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 207,307 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 131,816 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 102,961 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 90,879 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 84,933 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 84,866 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 64,440 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 53,584 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 42,742 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 41,696 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 39,271 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 37,770 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 36,566 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 35,942 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 34,617 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 30,092 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26,939 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 23,032 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 21,646 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,997 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14,510 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,382 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 8,160 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,948 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,049 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 5,042 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,673 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,123 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,633 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,514 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,372 | 81.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,937 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,803 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,078 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,048 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 958 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 843 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 710 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 526 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 423 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 353 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 252 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 210 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 134 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 124 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 121 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 115 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 106 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 63 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 59 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 51 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 42 | 57.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 36 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 35 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 31 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 13 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 8 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 6 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (227,295 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (90,879 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (84,866 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (42,702 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (39,271 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,042 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (199 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.