Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,917 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
United States688 kt (est. 18%)Norway645 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan485 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom313 kt (est. 8%)Libya223 kt (est. 6%)Iraq170 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria145 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins507 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported276 kt (7%)United States: no crude data177 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data70 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported58 kt (1%)Indonesia: no crude data45 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports30 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.81 Mt (72%)Netherlands412 kt (11%)Belgium249 kt (6%)United States177 kt (5%)Kuwait70 kt (2%)Sweden66 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia64 kt (2%)Indonesia45 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates20 kt (<1%)France2.6 kt (<1%)Other suppliers4.2 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.92 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Kuwait
- Sweden
- Saudi Arabia
- Indonesia
- Other (6)
- United States688 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway645 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan485 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom313 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya223 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq170 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria145 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins507 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported276 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data177 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data70 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported58 kt (1%)
- Indonesia: no crude data45 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports30 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
44.8 thousand tonnes
1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Indonesia45 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,807,122 | 71.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 412,204 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 249,167 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 176,625 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 69,917 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 65,830 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 64,078 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Indonesia | Germany: road diesel supply | 44,818 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 19,985 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,172 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 520,546 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 516,064 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 403,862 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 336,651 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 276,295 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 265,616 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 219,370 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 176,625 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 132,833 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 110,645 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 105,896 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 84,125 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 83,845 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 69,917 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 64,078 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 57,372 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 47,704 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 45,196 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Indonesia: no crude data | Indonesia | 44,818 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 35,871 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 35,698 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 32,144 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 31,616 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 30,083 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 29,989 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 28,781 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 22,309 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 22,158 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 19,985 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,836 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 11,115 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 10,316 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,840 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,847 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 3,744 | 5.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,206 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,193 | 149.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,751 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,214 | 82.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 655 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 499 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 424 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 413 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 248 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 204 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 194 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 189 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 145 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 125 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 92 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 56 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 48 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 39 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 29 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 19 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (276,295 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (176,625 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (69,917 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (64,078 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (57,772 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Indonesia: no crude data (44,818 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (30,082 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (19,986 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.