Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,606 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), Kazakhstan (13%) and the United States (13%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway503 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan486 kt (est. 13%)United States480 kt (est. 13%)Libya437 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom292 kt (est. 8%)Iraq189 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria159 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins502 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported190 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data110 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports60 kt (2%)India: no crude data60 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data51 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported47 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.56 Mt (71%)Netherlands527 kt (15%)Belgium190 kt (5%)Kuwait110 kt (3%)India60 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia51 kt (1%)France37 kt (1%)Canada33 kt (<1%)Sweden16 kt (<1%)Czechia7.6 kt (<1%)Other suppliers12 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.61 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- France
- Canada
- Other (5)
- Norway503 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan486 kt (est. 13%)
- United States480 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya437 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom292 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq189 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria159 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins502 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported190 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data110 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports60 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data60 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data51 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported47 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
51.0 thousand tonnes
1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Saudi Arabia51 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,562,676 | 71.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 526,623 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 189,920 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 109,845 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 59,958 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 50,965 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: road diesel supply | 36,635 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,981 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 16,437 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 12,391 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 7,614 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 431,774 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 360,656 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 340,594 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 339,262 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 335,030 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 238,310 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 190,439 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 149,923 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 116,327 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 109,845 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 108,053 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 103,127 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 97,211 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 78,896 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 60,361 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| India: no crude data | India | 59,958 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 50,965 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 49,993 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 43,711 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 42,918 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 35,398 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 33,362 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Canada | 32,981 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 32,562 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 30,494 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 23,865 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14,617 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 10,050 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,620 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8,578 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,227 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,221 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 6,084 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3,902 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,686 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,522 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,431 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,699 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,671 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,649 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 2,454 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,219 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,198 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 2,063 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 2,003 | 36.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,617 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,579 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,474 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1,433 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1,405 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,235 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 828 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 701 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 601 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 542 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 403 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 191 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 26 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (190,439 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (109,845 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (60,361 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (59,958 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (50,965 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (47,370 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (33,081 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,066 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.