Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,518 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway699 kt (est. 20%)United States580 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan402 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom344 kt (est. 10%)Libya302 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria158 kt (est. 4%)Iraq124 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins404 kt (est. 11%)Germany: crude origin not reported272 kt (8%)Germany: crude not from imports83 kt (2%)India: no crude data57 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported40 kt (1%)United States: no crude data39 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.59 Mt (74%)Netherlands535 kt (15%)Belgium223 kt (6%)India57 kt (2%)Sweden40 kt (1%)United States39 kt (1%)Austria13 kt (<1%)Czechia11 kt (<1%)Denmark4.9 kt (<1%)France1.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.52 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- India
- Sweden
- United States
- Austria
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Norway699 kt (est. 20%)
- United States580 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan402 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom344 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya302 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria158 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq124 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins404 kt (est. 11%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported272 kt (8%)
- Germany: crude not from imports83 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data57 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported40 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data39 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2025)
38.8 thousand tonnes
1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- United States39 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,593,501 | 73.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 535,284 | 15.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 222,543 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 57,385 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 39,996 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 38,792 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: road diesel supply | 12,858 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 11,171 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,939 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 532,845 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 426,081 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 284,257 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 278,239 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 272,464 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 272,453 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 268,019 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 110,656 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 108,517 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 94,952 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 82,708 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 78,430 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 67,919 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 60,432 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 57,385 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 55,879 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 49,657 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 47,161 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 42,080 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 38,792 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 36,473 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 33,918 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 32,213 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 29,904 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 22,135 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 19,596 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 16,144 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 14,412 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,519 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 10,794 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 7,956 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 7,127 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,056 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,057 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,316 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,478 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 2,506 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,475 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,086 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,729 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,679 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,622 | 32.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,486 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,227 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,175 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,148 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Denmark | 1,125 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 721 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 719 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 284 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 277 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 233 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 232 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 212 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 190 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 166 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 130 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 105 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 83 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 45 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 39 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 15 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (272,464 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (82,708 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (57,385 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (39,563 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (38,792 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (13,500 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (45 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.