Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Germany's jet fuel supply was 793 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (37%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States189 kt (est. 24%)Norway134 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan108 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom66 kt (est. 8%)Libya50 kt (est. 6%)Guyana42 kt (est. 5%)Brazil29 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins136 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)466 kt (59%)Netherlands291 kt (37%)Belgium35 kt (4%)France0.7 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply793 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- United States189 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway134 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan108 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom66 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya50 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana42 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil29 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins136 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported26 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this jet fuel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
11.6 thousand tonnes
1% of Germany's jet fuel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)12 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 466,430 | 58.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 291,427 | 36.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 34,657 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 105,825 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 78,556 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 73,893 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 73,470 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 72,910 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 55,702 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 50,650 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 43,215 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 41,227 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 39,922 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 29,374 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 25,620 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 23,099 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,387 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 11,648 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,512 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,429 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 6,039 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,958 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,729 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 4,180 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,649 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,081 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,854 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 779 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 667 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 219 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 153 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 136 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 60 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 52 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 26 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 17 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 11 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (25,620 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (11,648 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (816 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.