Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,552 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%) and Belgium (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
United States663 kt (est. 19%)Norway445 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan281 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom264 kt (est. 7%)Libya261 kt (est. 7%)Iraq229 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria196 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins595 kt (est. 17%)United States: no crude data155 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported101 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data99 kt (3%)India: no crude data90 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports66 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported59 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no refinery30 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.14 Mt (60%)Netherlands655 kt (18%)Belgium341 kt (10%)United States155 kt (4%)Kuwait99 kt (3%)India90 kt (3%)Malta30 kt (<1%)Denmark15 kt (<1%)Switzerland10 kt (<1%)Czechia5.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers10 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.55 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Kuwait
- India
- Malta
- Denmark
- Other (8)
- United States663 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway445 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan281 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom264 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya261 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq229 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria196 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins595 kt (est. 17%)
- United States: no crude data155 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported101 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data99 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data90 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports66 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported59 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery30 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
12.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Switzerland10 kt (79%)
- Other suppliers2.7 kt (21%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,141,065 | 60.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 654,872 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 341,224 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 154,682 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 98,761 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 89,811 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malta | Germany: road diesel supply | 30,107 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,394 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,442 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Switzerland | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,011 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,805 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 405,994 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 403,834 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 303,993 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 260,084 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 229,148 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 181,865 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 154,682 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 148,467 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 126,969 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 104,513 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 100,807 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 98,761 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 95,907 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 89,811 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 83,543 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 81,923 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 77,057 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 75,171 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 71,304 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 68,008 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 65,861 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 52,074 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 38,411 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 31,955 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 30,107 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 29,465 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 28,471 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 26,205 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 24,930 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 21,202 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 10,011 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Denmark | 6,224 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 5,611 | 36.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,414 | 76.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 3,241 | 140.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 2,710 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,744 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 1,124 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 938 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 794 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 765 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 692 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 684 | 53.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 612 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 567 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 484 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 409 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 286 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 188 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 111 | 18.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 43 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (154,682 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (100,807 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (98,761 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (89,811 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (65,861 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (59,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (30,107 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12,721 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,722 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.