Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,491 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (21%), Belgium (8%) and the United States (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway696 kt (est. 20%)United States568 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan408 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom290 kt (est. 8%)Iraq226 kt (est. 6%)Libya175 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria109 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins498 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data249 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported120 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported60 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports45 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported40 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.19 Mt (63%)Netherlands729 kt (21%)Belgium276 kt (8%)United States249 kt (7%)Sweden42 kt (1%)Czechia4.5 kt (<1%)France2.2 kt (<1%)Austria1.1 kt (<1%)Spain0.5 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.49 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Sweden
- Czechia
- France
- Austria
- Other (2)
- Norway696 kt (est. 20%)
- United States568 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan408 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom290 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq226 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya175 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria109 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins498 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data249 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported120 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported60 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports45 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported40 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
289.9 thousand tonnes
est. 8% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported290 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)196 kt (est. 68%)
- Netherlands71 kt (est. 25%)
- Belgium19 kt (est. 7%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,186,644 | 62.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 728,543 | 20.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 276,458 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 249,307 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,509 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,509 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 475,245 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 365,138 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 331,536 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 292,597 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 249,307 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 196,032 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 167,182 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 159,318 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 144,744 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 130,538 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 119,791 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 105,957 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 83,545 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 71,440 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 68,824 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 64,506 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 60,250 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 57,565 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 55,673 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 44,677 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 39,964 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 34,373 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 30,435 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 29,846 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 25,734 | 62.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 19,377 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 17,121 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,062 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 10,372 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 5,573 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3,534 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,436 | 76.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 3,093 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,993 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,618 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,084 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 954 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 699 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 580 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 520 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 503 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 459 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 287 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 272 | 57.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 272 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 252 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 246 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 220 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 174 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 105 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 96 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 90 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 86 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 82 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 78 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 72 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 46 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 35 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 23 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 23 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 22 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 18 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 18 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 13 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 11 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 7 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (249,307 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (119,791 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (60,250 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (44,677 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (39,964 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,738 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,293 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (21 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.