Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,700 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway722 kt (est. 20%)United States655 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan468 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom356 kt (est. 10%)Libya275 kt (est. 7%)Guyana254 kt (est. 7%)Canada134 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins570 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude not from imports93 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data77 kt (2%)United States: no crude data43 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data25 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported22 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)3.07 Mt (83%)Netherlands304 kt (8%)Belgium106 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia77 kt (2%)United States43 kt (1%)Sweden31 kt (<1%)United Kingdom25 kt (<1%)Lithuania16 kt (<1%)Denmark16 kt (<1%)Czechia4.5 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.2 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.70 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Lithuania
- Other (5)
- Norway722 kt (est. 20%)
- United States655 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan468 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom356 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya275 kt (est. 7%)
- Guyana254 kt (est. 7%)
- Canada134 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins570 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude not from imports93 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data77 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data43 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data25 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported22 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2026)
355.9 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported356 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)315 kt (est. 88%)
- Netherlands26 kt (est. 7%)
- Belgium8.6 kt (est. 2%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 3,073,187 | 83.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 304,470 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 105,529 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 77,305 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 42,692 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 31,368 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 25,321 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Germany: road diesel supply | 16,495 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,635 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,507 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 601,099 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 548,861 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 451,552 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 423,019 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 314,986 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 270,262 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 245,511 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany (own refineries) | 124,670 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 93,228 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 84,532 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 77,305 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 74,655 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 58,443 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 42,692 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 37,728 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 28,994 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 26,005 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 25,321 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,424 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 20,217 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 16,122 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 14,400 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,022 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,606 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 7,801 | 47.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 7,644 | 48.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 7,486 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,058 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 6,426 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 5,276 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,421 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 3,660 | 23.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,253 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,931 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,595 | 57.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,124 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,764 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 1,607 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,598 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 1,382 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Germany split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,359 | 82.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,237 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 778 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 768 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 636 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 628 | 102.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 596 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 563 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 442 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 325 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Other suppliers | 321 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 314 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 295 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 273 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Czechia | 224 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 168 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 98 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 31 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Other suppliers | 19 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 3 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (93,228 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (77,305 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (42,692 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (25,321 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (22,195 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,879 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.