Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,274 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (14%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States576 kt (est. 18%)Norway486 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan318 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom299 kt (est. 9%)Libya260 kt (est. 8%)Iraq183 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia144 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins571 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom: no crude data92 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports88 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data68 kt (2%)Oman: no crude data48 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported45 kt (1%)United States: no crude data42 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.33 Mt (71%)Netherlands473 kt (14%)Belgium170 kt (5%)United Kingdom92 kt (3%)Kuwait68 kt (2%)Oman48 kt (1%)United States42 kt (1%)Sweden24 kt (<1%)Ukraine10 kt (<1%)Czechia4.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.6 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported11 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.27 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Kuwait
- Oman
- United States
- Sweden
- Other (7)
- United States576 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway486 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan318 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom299 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya260 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq183 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia144 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins571 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data92 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports88 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data68 kt (2%)
- Oman: no crude data48 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported45 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
575.5 thousand tonnes
est. 18% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported576 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)412 kt (est. 72%)
- Netherlands135 kt (est. 24%)
- Belgium25 kt (est. 4%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,327,650 | 71.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 473,391 | 14.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 170,043 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 92,206 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 67,595 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Germany: road diesel supply | 48,014 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 41,881 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 23,729 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Germany: road diesel supply | 11,106 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Ukraine | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,356 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,243 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 3,635 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 423,776 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 411,875 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 351,823 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 284,692 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 258,443 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 205,315 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 135,825 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 135,312 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 123,326 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 99,311 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 92,206 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 87,599 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 82,658 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 67,595 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 67,448 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 49,423 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 48,014 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 44,976 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 43,771 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,881 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 36,699 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 24,970 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 24,023 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,655 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 15,971 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 15,234 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 11,972 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,295 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 11,106 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Ukraine | 10,356 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,654 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 7,543 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,745 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,535 | 83.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,085 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 2,549 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,022 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,817 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,506 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 907 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 840 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 730 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 571 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 369 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 356 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 264 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 199 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 169 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 92 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 69 | 15.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 65 | 69.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 65 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 52 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 40 | 19.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 23 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 23 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 8 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (92,206 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (87,599 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (67,595 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (48,014 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (44,976 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (41,881 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,387 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12,905 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (11,106 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,109 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (11,106 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.