Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,841 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%), Belgium (7%) and the United States (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway671 kt (est. 17%)United States617 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan416 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom304 kt (est. 8%)Iraq217 kt (est. 6%)Libya166 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria91 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins520 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data246 kt (6%)Germany: crude origin not reported129 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports109 kt (3%)India: no crude data108 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data97 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported58 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data49 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported34 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.37 Mt (62%)Netherlands670 kt (17%)Belgium256 kt (7%)United States246 kt (6%)India108 kt (3%)Kuwait97 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates49 kt (1%)Sweden32 kt (<1%)Czechia4.7 kt (<1%)France2.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.7 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.84 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- India
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- Sweden
- Other (4)
- Norway671 kt (est. 17%)
- United States617 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan416 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom304 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq217 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya166 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria91 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins520 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data246 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported129 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports109 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data108 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data97 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported58 kt (2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data49 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported34 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2024)
616.7 thousand tonnes
est. 16% of Germany's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported617 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Germany (own refineries)402 kt (est. 65%)
- Netherlands172 kt (est. 28%)
- Belgium39 kt (est. 6%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,372,998 | 61.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 670,167 | 17.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 256,028 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 245,552 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 108,424 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 97,216 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 49,299 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,320 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 4,710 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 498,841 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 401,845 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 348,797 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 326,327 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 245,552 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 219,742 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 171,716 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 148,530 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 128,938 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 125,494 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 109,734 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 108,712 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| India: no crude data | India | 108,424 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 99,221 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 97,216 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 77,801 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 65,771 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 65,478 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 58,154 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 56,310 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 56,088 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 53,154 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 49,299 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 39,317 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 28,745 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 25,005 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 22,749 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 19,318 | 59.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 15,915 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 13,053 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 10,101 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,172 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 7,626 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 5,958 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 5,184 | 16.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,761 | 79.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,206 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,860 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,897 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,251 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 690 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 678 | 86.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 572 | 59.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 544 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 490 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 334 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 262 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 259 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 211 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 207 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 182 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 167 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 120 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 118 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 95 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 74 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 70 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 69 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 52 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 37 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 23 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 23 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 3 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (245,552 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (128,938 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (108,712 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (108,424 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (97,216 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (58,154 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (49,299 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34,062 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,541 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.