Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,642 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway676 kt (est. 19%)United States507 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan375 kt (est. 10%)Libya349 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom342 kt (est. 9%)Iraq199 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia181 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins516 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data175 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported81 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data62 kt (2%)India: no crude data52 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports46 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)Norway: no crude data38 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.53 Mt (69%)Netherlands554 kt (15%)United States175 kt (5%)Belgium173 kt (5%)India52 kt (1%)Sweden47 kt (1%)Norway38 kt (1%)United Kingdom32 kt (<1%)Kuwait24 kt (<1%)Czechia6.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers8.8 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.64 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Belgium
- India
- Sweden
- Norway
- United Kingdom
- Other (5)
- Norway676 kt (est. 19%)
- United States507 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan375 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya349 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom342 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq199 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia181 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins516 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data175 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported81 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data62 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data52 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports46 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)
- Norway: no crude data38 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,531,475 | 69.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 553,876 | 15.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 175,021 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 172,907 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 52,308 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 47,228 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany: road diesel supply | 37,612 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,224 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 24,308 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 8,822 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 6,707 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 506,254 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 370,338 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 351,321 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 347,074 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 319,252 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 251,131 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 175,021 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 131,101 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 130,677 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 127,589 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 103,514 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 81,661 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 81,242 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 67,824 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 63,210 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 52,308 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 50,699 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 46,173 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 39,876 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 37,612 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 36,110 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 36,007 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 32,224 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 31,107 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 30,161 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 24,308 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,801 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,708 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 17,751 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9,627 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 9,298 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,387 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,485 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 5,795 | 86.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,473 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 5,012 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,620 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,585 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 942 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 904 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 709 | 48.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 620 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 615 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 573 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 557 | 21.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 527 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 220 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 149 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 119 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 107 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 66 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 36 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 9 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (175,021 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (81,242 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (61,544 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (52,308 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (46,173 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (41,290 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Norway: no crude data (37,612 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,810 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.