Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Germany's jet fuel supply was 1,063 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (47%), Belgium (6%) and France (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (18%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway197 kt (est. 19%)United States193 kt (est. 18%)United Kingdom111 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan100 kt (est. 9%)Iraq87 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 6%)Libya65 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins176 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)424 kt (40%)Netherlands495 kt (47%)Belgium68 kt (6%)France67 kt (6%)Sierra Leone7.1 kt (<1%)Niger1.9 kt (<1%)Sweden0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply1.06 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Niger
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Norway197 kt (est. 19%)
- United States193 kt (est. 18%)
- United Kingdom111 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan100 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq87 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya65 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins176 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 495,401 | 46.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 423,813 | 39.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 67,643 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 66,531 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 7,076 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Niger | Germany: jet fuel supply | 1,946 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 116,881 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 92,586 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 84,756 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 73,039 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 62,001 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 60,664 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 58,817 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 58,106 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 56,537 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 53,448 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 42,044 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 35,666 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 32,205 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27,822 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 21,949 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 21,361 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 21,158 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 19,834 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14,126 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 13,601 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 9,232 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,529 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 7,730 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,319 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7,194 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 7,076 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,944 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 6,776 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 6,592 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 5,323 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 5,090 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,766 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,637 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3,502 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,281 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Niger | 1,946 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,306 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 358 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 206 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 60 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 13 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 11 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 3 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (27,822 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (13,601 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9,025 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,091 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,268 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.