Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 2,039 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway395 kt (est. 19%)United States302 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 12%)Libya234 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom203 kt (est. 10%)Iraq116 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia109 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins318 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported55 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports31 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.70 Mt (84%)Netherlands254 kt (12%)Belgium30 kt (1%)Czechia21 kt (1%)Switzerland14 kt (<1%)Norway4.6 kt (<1%)Slovakia3.8 kt (<1%)Austria2.6 kt (<1%)United States2.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.4 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.04 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Other (7)
- Norway395 kt (est. 19%)
- United States302 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya234 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom203 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq116 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia109 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins318 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported55 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports31 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,704,254 | 83.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 254,276 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 29,893 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 21,160 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 14,284 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany: petrol supply | 4,622 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 3,806 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 2,578 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 340,823 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 249,321 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 236,519 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 233,659 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 214,929 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 169,068 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 88,261 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 85,896 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 59,992 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 54,694 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 47,522 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 37,489 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 31,137 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 31,085 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 29,019 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 18,307 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 18,284 | 86.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,530 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 14,284 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,281 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,765 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,243 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 4,622 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 3,804 | 99.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,769 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,234 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,069 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 1,979 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Czechia | 1,807 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,664 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,607 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,450 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 831 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 695 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 688 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 522 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 442 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 439 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 431 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 411 | 15.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 374 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 296 | 82.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 112 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 95 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 91 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 86 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 82 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 80 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 74 | 86.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 45 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 36 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 27 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 16 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 15 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 10 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 10 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 9 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 7 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (54,694 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (31,085 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (21,716 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (16,371 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (486 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.