Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,656 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway599 kt (est. 16%)United States578 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan378 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom311 kt (est. 9%)Libya295 kt (est. 8%)Iraq203 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia183 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins607 kt (est. 17%)India: no crude data139 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports91 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported79 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data43 kt (1%)United Kingdom: no crude data40 kt (1%)United States: no crude data38 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported37 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.51 Mt (69%)Netherlands615 kt (17%)Belgium198 kt (5%)India139 kt (4%)Kuwait43 kt (1%)United Kingdom40 kt (1%)United States38 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates33 kt (<1%)Sweden18 kt (<1%)Finland10 kt (<1%)Other suppliers9.6 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.66 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- India
- Kuwait
- United Kingdom
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (6)
- Norway599 kt (est. 16%)
- United States578 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan378 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom311 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya295 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq203 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia183 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins607 kt (est. 17%)
- India: no crude data139 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports91 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported79 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data43 kt (1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data40 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data38 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported37 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data33 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,513,511 | 68.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 614,524 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 197,771 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Germany: road diesel supply | 139,171 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 43,062 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 39,859 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 38,127 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,872 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 17,960 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Germany: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Germany: road diesel supply | 9,637 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 427,268 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 422,074 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 399,343 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 316,725 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 292,892 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 214,888 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 151,254 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 143,948 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 139,171 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 125,846 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 119,457 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 110,098 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 91,465 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 79,061 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 72,123 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 66,901 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 58,572 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 43,062 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 42,712 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 39,859 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 38,127 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 36,261 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 35,338 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 32,872 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 24,117 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,093 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 22,929 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 22,569 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,228 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 10,833 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,377 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 7,695 | 76.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 5,471 | 122.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,474 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,169 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,868 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 1,555 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,273 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,217 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,198 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 738 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 662 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 620 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 559 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 447 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 444 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 381 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 369 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 359 | 9.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 317 | 15.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 73 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 8 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (139,171 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (91,465 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (79,061 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (43,062 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (39,859 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (38,127 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (37,007 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (32,876 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,358 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.