Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Germany's jet fuel supply was 1,054 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (43%), Belgium (7%) and France (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States203 kt (est. 19%)Norway179 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom101 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan100 kt (est. 9%)Iraq81 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria61 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia60 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins205 kt (est. 19%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)464 kt (44%)Netherlands451 kt (43%)Belgium72 kt (7%)France60 kt (6%)Sierra Leone4.7 kt (<1%)Niger2.1 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Sweden0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply1.05 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Niger
- Luxembourg
- Sweden
- United States203 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway179 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom101 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan100 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq81 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria61 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia60 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins205 kt (est. 19%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 463,906 | 44.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 451,440 | 42.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 71,606 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 59,903 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 4,691 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Niger | Germany: jet fuel supply | 2,120 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 113,098 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 111,114 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 80,880 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 78,859 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 73,705 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 58,456 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 55,225 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 52,983 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 49,147 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 39,661 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 32,530 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 26,638 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 26,568 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 25,960 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 23,227 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 19,146 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 18,859 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 17,308 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 16,964 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 16,881 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 15,464 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 14,592 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 10,324 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,732 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,302 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,171 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 7,266 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 6,356 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 6,032 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 5,000 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,789 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 4,691 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France | 3,673 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,395 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3,297 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,300 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Niger | 2,120 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,258 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 385 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 263 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 88 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Sweden | 34 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 6 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (16,964 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (16,881 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (14,592 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,087 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,811 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (316 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (88 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.