Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 1,937 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway329 kt (est. 17%)United States315 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan226 kt (est. 12%)Libya195 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom168 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia106 kt (est. 5%)Iraq104 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins354 kt (est. 18%)Germany: crude not from imports61 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.67 Mt (86%)Netherlands171 kt (9%)Belgium37 kt (2%)Czechia20 kt (1%)Slovakia13 kt (<1%)Sweden11 kt (<1%)Switzerland11 kt (<1%)United States2.9 kt (<1%)Austria1.5 kt (<1%)United Kingdom1.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.8 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.94 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United States
- Other (6)
- Norway329 kt (est. 17%)
- United States315 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan226 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya195 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom168 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia106 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq104 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins354 kt (est. 18%)
- Germany: crude not from imports61 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,668,735 | 86.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 170,548 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 36,600 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 19,997 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 12,530 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: petrol supply | 11,250 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 10,934 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: petrol supply | 2,920 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 283,666 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 280,217 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 265,126 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 210,276 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 194,453 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 142,666 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 95,568 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 83,550 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 60,724 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 52,489 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 41,977 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 33,153 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 30,555 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 20,016 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 18,567 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 16,292 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 12,530 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 10,934 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,839 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,063 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 9,807 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,904 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 6,786 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,409 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,463 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,243 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,177 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 2,920 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,448 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Czechia | 1,788 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,735 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,359 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 1,187 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,176 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,170 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 797 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 750 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 741 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 643 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 455 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 388 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 378 | 84.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 273 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 210 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 196 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 153 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 143 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 130 | 87.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 122 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 115 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 113 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 81 | 5.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 20 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 19 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 17 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 16 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 14 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 13 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (60,724 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (52,489 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15,156 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,030 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,016 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.