Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Germany's jet fuel supply was 985 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (49%) and France (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (16%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States224 kt (est. 23%)Norway158 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom110 kt (est. 11%)Iraq78 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria52 kt (est. 5%)Libya48 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins187 kt (est. 19%)Germany: crude not from imports15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)398 kt (40%)Netherlands480 kt (49%)France52 kt (5%)Belgium49 kt (5%)Sierra Leone6.8 kt (<1%)Sweden0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply985 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- France
- Belgium
- Sierra Leone
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- United States224 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway158 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom110 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq78 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria52 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya48 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins187 kt (est. 19%)
- Germany: crude not from imports15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 479,690 | 48.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 397,809 | 40.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 51,761 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 49,266 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 6,768 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 137,113 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 85,042 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 83,758 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 74,750 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 70,392 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 68,345 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 60,129 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 50,081 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 48,656 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 44,169 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 35,090 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 33,526 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 21,077 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,877 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 15,386 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 14,971 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,445 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,378 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,633 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 10,597 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 9,541 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 7,687 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,234 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,960 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 6,768 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,829 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,444 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,627 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,200 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4,009 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,938 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,795 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,468 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,797 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2,495 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,566 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 870 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 436 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 165 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 36 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (14,971 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,651 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (11,445 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,771 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,106 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.