Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 1,844 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States332 kt (est. 18%)Norway287 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan202 kt (est. 11%)Libya171 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom169 kt (est. 9%)Iraq102 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia93 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins365 kt (est. 20%)Germany: crude not from imports58 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Switzerland: no crude data20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.54 Mt (83%)Netherlands164 kt (9%)Belgium61 kt (3%)Finland20 kt (1%)Switzerland20 kt (1%)Slovakia19 kt (1%)Czechia19 kt (1%)Austria1.3 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.84 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Finland
- Switzerland
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Austria
- Other (3)
- United States332 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway287 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan202 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya171 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom169 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq102 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia93 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins365 kt (est. 20%)
- Germany: crude not from imports58 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Switzerland: no crude data20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,537,325 | 83.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 164,334 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 60,669 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Germany: petrol supply | 20,404 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 20,301 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 19,275 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 18,941 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 279,888 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 272,028 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 232,366 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 188,029 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 170,692 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 135,603 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 89,707 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 81,452 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 57,856 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 46,973 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 34,475 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 29,705 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 28,694 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 23,414 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 20,301 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 19,275 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 17,157 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 15,783 | 83.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 15,617 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,094 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 12,586 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,909 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,571 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,782 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,698 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,271 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,921 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,444 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 2,998 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,618 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 2,448 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,648 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,609 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,300 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Czechia | 1,179 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 762 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 537 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 525 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 507 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 323 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 282 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 244 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Austria | 238 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 230 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 204 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 125 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 106 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 101 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 90 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 70 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 66 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 63 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 36 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 29 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 25 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 1 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 1 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 0 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 0 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (57,856 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (29,705 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Switzerland: no crude data (20,301 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,275 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,934 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (244 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.