Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Germany's jet fuel supply was 989 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (46%), France (7%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States221 kt (est. 22%)Norway145 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom97 kt (est. 10%)Iraq84 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan80 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria58 kt (est. 6%)Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins193 kt (est. 20%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Germany: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.8 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)400 kt (40%)Netherlands454 kt (46%)France68 kt (7%)Belgium59 kt (6%)Sierra Leone6.9 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.8 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply989 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- France
- Belgium
- Sierra Leone
- Luxembourg
- United States221 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway145 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom97 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq84 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan80 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria58 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins193 kt (est. 20%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 453,808 | 45.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 399,907 | 40.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 67,933 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 59,158 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 6,895 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 123,326 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 119,286 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 76,980 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 73,437 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 53,949 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 53,160 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 50,833 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 48,849 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 42,420 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 40,310 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 35,151 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 30,818 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 24,052 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 23,147 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 19,854 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 17,039 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 15,319 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 14,452 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 13,529 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 12,921 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,406 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,833 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,253 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,965 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 6,895 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 6,837 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 6,198 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,988 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 5,581 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4,637 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,333 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,232 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,726 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 3,389 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,081 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2,742 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,819 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1,347 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 842 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 341 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 268 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,319 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (13,529 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (12,921 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,730 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,895 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (842 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.