Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 1,779 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (7%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States327 kt (est. 18%)Norway241 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan198 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom163 kt (est. 9%)Libya158 kt (est. 9%)Iraq110 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria80 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins363 kt (est. 20%)Germany: crude origin not reported50 kt (3%)Germany: crude not from imports48 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.47 Mt (83%)Belgium130 kt (7%)Netherlands128 kt (7%)Czechia15 kt (<1%)Switzerland12 kt (<1%)United Kingdom6.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia6.2 kt (<1%)Austria3.5 kt (<1%)United States2.5 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.0 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.78 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Czechia
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Other (5)
- United States327 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway241 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan198 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom163 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya158 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq110 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria80 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins363 kt (est. 20%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported50 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude not from imports48 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,473,332 | 82.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 129,952 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 128,206 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 15,146 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 11,562 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: petrol supply | 6,533 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 6,217 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 3,456 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: petrol supply | 2,500 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 294,549 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 270,556 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 195,850 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 179,967 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 157,407 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 129,503 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 85,278 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 62,774 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 49,842 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 47,605 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,841 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 27,046 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,372 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 22,858 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,748 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,600 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 17,496 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 15,241 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,361 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,154 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 11,694 | 77.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 11,562 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 9,518 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,296 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,706 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,185 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6,533 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 5,985 | 96.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,609 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,328 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 2,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,901 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,390 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1,002 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 872 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 749 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 551 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 503 | 62.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 460 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 438 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 401 | 68.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 232 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 204 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 161 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 146 | 58.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 134 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 126 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 110 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 89 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 82 | 14.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 26 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 25 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 25 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 16 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 14 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 10 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 5 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (49,842 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (47,605 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,756 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,486 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,036 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.