Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 1,787 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (13%) and Libya (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States339 kt (est. 19%)Norway239 kt (est. 13%)Libya172 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom131 kt (est. 7%)Iraq114 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria92 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins361 kt (est. 20%)Germany: crude origin not reported66 kt (4%)Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (1%)Switzerland: no crude data19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.41 Mt (79%)Netherlands193 kt (11%)Belgium91 kt (5%)Slovakia26 kt (1%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Switzerland19 kt (1%)United Kingdom17 kt (<1%)Austria5.9 kt (<1%)Norway2.2 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.8 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.79 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- Austria
- Other (7)
- United States339 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway239 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya172 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan171 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom131 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq114 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria92 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins361 kt (est. 20%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported66 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude not from imports43 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (1%)
- Switzerland: no crude data19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,407,640 | 78.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 192,590 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 90,589 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 25,844 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 24,141 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 19,454 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: petrol supply | 17,258 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 5,932 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany: petrol supply | 2,215 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 266,920 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 265,500 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 199,860 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 170,992 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 150,653 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 97,609 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 83,475 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 66,276 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 63,054 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 53,484 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 43,300 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 30,736 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 24,569 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 23,862 | 92.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 22,662 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,107 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 21,749 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 20,970 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 19,454 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 18,355 | 76.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 18,055 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 17,258 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,825 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 10,197 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,397 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,665 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,558 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,957 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,618 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,629 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,303 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,595 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 2,215 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1,702 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,264 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 1,093 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 889 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 831 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 816 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 782 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 566 | 59.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 343 | 83.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 309 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 169 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 140 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 117 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 101 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 99 | 87.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 66 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 63 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 54 | 16.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 40 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 19 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 19 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 13 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 12 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 7 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 6 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (66,276 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (43,300 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (19,613 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (19,454 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,175 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,252 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.