Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Germany's petrol supply was 1,891 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (18%) and Libya (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States425 kt (est. 22%)Norway344 kt (est. 18%)Libya198 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 10%)Iraq85 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria85 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom79 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins336 kt (est. 18%)Germany: crude origin not reported101 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.63 Mt (86%)Netherlands132 kt (7%)Belgium47 kt (2%)Slovakia23 kt (1%)United Kingdom22 kt (1%)Czechia20 kt (1%)Switzerland8.1 kt (<1%)Austria4.2 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Poland0.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.89 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Slovakia
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Switzerland
- Austria
- Other (6)
- United States425 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway344 kt (est. 18%)
- Libya198 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan193 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq85 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria85 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom79 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins336 kt (est. 18%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported101 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,634,050 | 86.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 132,337 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 46,715 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 23,001 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: petrol supply | 21,706 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 19,755 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 8,081 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 4,196 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 380,953 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 323,655 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 263,923 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 197,034 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 174,281 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 101,055 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 67,002 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 64,325 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 61,822 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 35,747 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 24,188 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 22,065 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21,706 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 14,560 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,273 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,132 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 13,766 | 69.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,169 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,512 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,932 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,437 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,337 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 8,081 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,833 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,587 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,281 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,151 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,836 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,770 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,957 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,834 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1,185 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 936 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 849 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 552 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 549 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 485 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 406 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 361 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 284 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 279 | 90.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 270 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 189 | 46.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 163 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 160 | 138.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 120 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 119 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 64 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 63 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 40 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 21 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 20 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 17 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 15 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 13 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 13 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 13 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 12 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 9 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Germany split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 8 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 6 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 4 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 2 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (101,055 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (21,706 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,977 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,082 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (913 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.