Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 786 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (50%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Norway (16%) and Nigeria (8%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States199 kt (est. 25%)Norway122 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria61 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom59 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 7%)Brazil39 kt (est. 5%)Iraq38 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins139 kt (est. 18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)341 kt (43%)Netherlands390 kt (50%)Belgium32 kt (4%)France15 kt (2%)Sierra Leone6.8 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.2 kt (<1%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply786 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Luxembourg
- Sweden
- United States199 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway122 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria61 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom59 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil39 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq38 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins139 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 390,321 | 49.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 341,181 | 43.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 32,330 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 15,001 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 6,798 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 110,751 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 88,373 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 78,518 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 69,544 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 47,573 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 47,410 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 38,341 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 36,982 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 35,513 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 32,438 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 27,020 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,295 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 20,850 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 18,910 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,548 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 10,964 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 8,520 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 8,357 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 7,400 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,098 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 6,798 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,528 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,218 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 5,197 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,674 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,682 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,153 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,044 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,283 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,239 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,135 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,747 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,370 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,303 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 833 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 660 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 615 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 318 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 249 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 213 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Brazil | France | 182 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 19 | 49.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 5 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 4 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 2 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,295 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (20,850 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (10,964 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,720 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,798 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,488 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (213 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.