Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 797 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (49%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States200 kt (est. 25%)Norway139 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom58 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria49 kt (est. 6%)Brazil41 kt (est. 5%)Libya29 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins133 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)349 kt (44%)Netherlands391 kt (49%)Belgium29 kt (4%)France14 kt (2%)Sierra Leone13 kt (2%)Luxembourgless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply797 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Luxembourg
- United States200 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway139 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom58 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria49 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil41 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins133 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 391,370 | 49.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 348,606 | 43.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 29,450 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 14,281 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,319 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 112,286 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 78,217 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 73,676 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 67,755 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 60,356 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 53,440 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 42,865 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 34,198 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 34,050 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,544 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 28,527 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 26,791 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 25,476 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,391 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 22,902 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 13,319 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 10,005 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 7,588 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,441 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,166 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 5,911 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,607 | 32.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,564 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,242 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,089 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,954 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,487 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,306 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,205 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,739 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 727 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 544 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 530 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 494 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 339 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 248 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 49 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 29 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (25,476 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,391 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (13,319 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,637 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,735 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (29 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.