Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 1,842 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (20%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States405 kt (est. 22%)Norway372 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan223 kt (est. 12%)Libya138 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom120 kt (est. 7%)Algeria69 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria58 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins284 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported122 kt (7%)Germany: crude not from imports36 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.67 Mt (91%)Netherlands83 kt (4%)Belgium32 kt (2%)Czechia25 kt (1%)Slovakia17 kt (<1%)Austria7.5 kt (<1%)Switzerland4.4 kt (<1%)Hungary2.3 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)Finland0.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.4 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.84 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Hungary
- Other (4)
- United States405 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway372 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan223 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya138 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom120 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria69 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria58 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins284 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported122 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude not from imports36 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,670,392 | 90.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 82,767 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 31,564 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 25,319 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 16,574 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 7,477 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 4,448 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 2,300 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 374,786 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 353,027 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 216,462 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 205,393 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 136,691 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 122,071 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 109,737 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany (own refineries) | 67,925 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 47,942 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 36,359 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 23,746 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 20,565 | 24.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 19,998 | 79.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 15,496 | 93.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,764 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,541 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,201 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,882 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,608 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,666 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,023 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,947 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,891 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 4,448 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,541 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,311 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,166 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,665 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,363 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,792 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,283 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 1,078 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 996 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 995 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 900 | 12.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 427 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 420 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 389 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 327 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 298 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 284 | 81.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 180 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 122 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 119 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 96 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 94 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 90 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Austria | 58 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 54 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 37 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 36 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Finland | 13 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 13 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 12 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 9 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 5 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 3 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (122,071 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (36,359 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,548 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,775 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,115 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.