Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 840 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (47%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States198 kt (est. 24%)Norway135 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria51 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia44 kt (est. 5%)Iraq37 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins139 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)375 kt (45%)Netherlands393 kt (47%)Belgium44 kt (5%)Sierra Leone15 kt (2%)France13 kt (2%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply840 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Sierra Leone
- France
- Sweden
- United States198 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway135 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria51 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia44 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq37 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins139 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported32 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 393,157 | 46.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 375,130 | 44.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 44,023 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 14,573 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,471 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 114,397 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 79,226 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 71,780 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 71,252 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 55,924 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 48,133 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 47,261 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 36,827 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 32,779 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 31,773 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 31,734 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 31,192 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 30,043 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 25,576 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,379 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 14,573 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 14,393 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 9,639 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,174 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,447 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 7,490 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,620 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 5,490 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,067 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 4,762 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,666 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,299 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,192 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 2,770 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,504 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,140 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,888 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 956 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 862 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 826 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 494 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 439 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 325 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 62 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 21 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 6 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 3 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (31,773 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,379 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (14,573 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,551 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,519 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.