Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 1,888 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States365 kt (est. 19%)Norway350 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan234 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom179 kt (est. 9%)Libya134 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria77 kt (est. 4%)Algeria60 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins306 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported146 kt (8%)Germany: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.72 Mt (91%)Netherlands93 kt (5%)Belgium41 kt (2%)Czechia18 kt (<1%)Denmark3.6 kt (<1%)Hungary3.3 kt (<1%)Austria3.2 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.9 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.7 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.89 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Denmark
- Hungary
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Other (6)
- United States365 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway350 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan234 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom179 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya134 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria77 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria60 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins306 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported146 kt (8%)
- Germany: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,722,296 | 91.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 93,160 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 40,718 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 18,442 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: petrol supply | 3,596 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 3,253 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 3,189 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 329,557 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 327,132 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 250,613 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 216,983 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 169,079 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 145,878 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 133,049 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 66,080 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany (own refineries) | 58,722 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 27,107 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 25,204 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,810 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 15,093 | 81.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,251 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,102 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,485 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,767 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,391 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,119 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,123 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,540 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,687 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,349 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,052 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,953 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,534 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,316 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 1,930 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,826 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,395 | 38.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,175 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 1,175 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 955 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 561 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 507 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 454 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 373 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 288 | 82.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 271 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 230 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 164 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 158 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 156 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 138 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 127 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 101 | 142.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 79 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 75 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 65 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 57 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 32 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 26 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Austria | 25 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 18 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 16 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 8 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 5 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 4 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (145,878 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (25,204 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,750 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,268 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,085 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.