Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 1,904 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States362 kt (est. 19%)Norway333 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom168 kt (est. 9%)Libya128 kt (est. 7%)Iraq92 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria74 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins275 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported159 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.62 Mt (85%)Netherlands185 kt (10%)Belgium54 kt (3%)Czechia19 kt (1%)Austria10 kt (<1%)Hungary7.6 kt (<1%)Denmark4.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.4 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.2 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.90 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Denmark
- Slovakia
- Other (6)
- United States362 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway333 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom168 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya128 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq92 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria74 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins275 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported159 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,619,428 | 85.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 185,414 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 53,666 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 19,105 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 10,257 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 7,625 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: petrol supply | 4,105 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 300,303 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 297,717 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 232,988 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 194,214 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 159,395 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 153,234 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 126,554 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 76,631 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 61,091 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 49,770 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 37,714 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 25,807 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 21,458 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,119 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 17,301 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 15,900 | 83.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,221 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,532 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,946 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 9,967 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,734 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,726 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,923 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,277 | 61.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 5,775 | 75.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,805 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,205 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,195 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 2,106 | 51.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,689 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,593 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,475 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,361 | 95.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,318 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,226 | 29.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,167 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,151 | 15.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 698 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 667 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 589 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 563 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 287 | 76.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 221 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 184 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 181 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 175 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 165 | 300.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 163 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 72 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 63 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 59 | 5.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 51 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 28 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 17 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (159,395 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (20,345 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (19,306 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,332 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.