Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 2,048 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States392 kt (est. 19%)Norway357 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan298 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom174 kt (est. 9%)Libya159 kt (est. 8%)Iraq124 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins251 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported142 kt (7%)Germany: crude not from imports33 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.75 Mt (86%)Netherlands195 kt (10%)Belgium52 kt (3%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Slovakia5.2 kt (<1%)Hungary3.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.7 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Finland0.3 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.05 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- United Kingdom
- Other (4)
- United States392 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway357 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan298 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom174 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya159 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq124 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins251 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported142 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude not from imports33 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,753,075 | 85.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 194,644 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 52,302 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 23,547 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 14,550 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 5,158 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 3,212 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 332,704 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 320,678 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 253,091 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 185,197 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 157,868 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 157,009 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 142,082 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 105,456 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 66,152 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 51,194 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 32,837 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 28,090 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 24,238 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 24,175 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 19,905 | 84.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 17,732 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 17,347 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 16,329 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 15,539 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,756 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,580 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,299 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,655 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,516 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 6,334 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,078 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,722 | 91.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,642 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,276 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,241 | 69.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,969 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,381 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 941 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 728 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 726 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 530 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 493 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 479 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 436 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 350 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 341 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 256 | 85.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Austria | 190 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 153 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 129 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 123 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 77 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 46 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 44 | 14.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 42 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 36 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 17 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 53.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 0 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (142,082 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (32,837 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (22,567 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,799 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (772 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.