Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 925 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (45%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States182 kt (est. 20%)Norway160 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom82 kt (est. 9%)Iraq67 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 5%)Libya43 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins120 kt (est. 13%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported37 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)Sierra Leone: no crude data18 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)438 kt (47%)Netherlands417 kt (45%)Belgium33 kt (4%)France20 kt (2%)Sierra Leone18 kt (2%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply925 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Luxembourg
- United States182 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway160 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom82 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq67 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya43 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins120 kt (est. 13%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported37 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 437,760 | 47.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 416,944 | 45.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 32,677 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 19,925 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 17,674 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 96,431 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 88,960 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 76,148 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 64,962 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 61,775 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 59,742 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 50,211 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 45,703 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 44,491 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 41,550 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 37,330 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 37,106 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 35,359 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 34,756 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 27,787 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 26,672 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 17,674 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 15,139 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 10,583 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,924 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,601 | 33.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,795 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,824 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,569 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,511 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 3,873 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,548 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 2,299 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,837 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,572 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,459 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,171 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,142 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 792 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 665 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 642 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 252 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 123 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 67 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (37,330 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (34,756 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (17,674 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (10,583 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (765 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (67 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.