Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 1,950 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway379 kt (est. 19%)United States342 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan276 kt (est. 14%)Libya162 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom156 kt (est. 8%)Iraq123 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia75 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins236 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported134 kt (7%)Germany: crude not from imports41 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.69 Mt (87%)Netherlands151 kt (8%)Belgium76 kt (4%)Czechia20 kt (1%)Austria8.9 kt (<1%)Hungary2.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdom1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.9 kt (<1%)Finland0.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.1 kt (<1%)Israelless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.95 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- Other (3)
- Norway379 kt (est. 19%)
- United States342 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan276 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya162 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom156 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq123 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia75 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins236 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported134 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude not from imports41 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,688,217 | 86.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 151,086 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 75,735 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 20,476 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 8,885 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 2,816 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 343,074 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 293,666 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 238,235 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 176,251 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 160,235 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 136,361 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 134,035 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 107,162 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 58,383 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 40,814 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,943 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 23,540 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,649 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,365 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 18,195 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 17,121 | 83.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 16,122 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 13,527 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,446 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 13,431 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 11,181 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,590 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 10,456 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 9,665 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 5,328 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,320 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,381 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,203 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,715 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,015 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,658 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,244 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 1,049 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 728 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 536 | 57.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 435 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 428 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 417 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 383 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 353 | 80.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 286 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 177 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 153 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 95 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 84 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 74 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 69 | 15.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 61 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 48 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 46 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 31 | 24.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 26 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 20 | 4.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (134,035 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (40,814 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (24,140 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,600 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,095 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.