Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,699 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway639 kt (est. 17%)United States604 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan410 kt (est. 11%)Libya329 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom293 kt (est. 8%)Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia147 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins510 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude origin not reported193 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data79 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports53 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported48 kt (1%)United States: no crude data45 kt (1%)Kuwait: no crude data39 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.81 Mt (76%)Netherlands467 kt (13%)Belgium97 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia80 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates79 kt (2%)United States45 kt (1%)Kuwait39 kt (1%)Spain38 kt (1%)Denmark33 kt (<1%)Czechia2.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers3.4 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.70 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- Kuwait
- Spain
- Other (6)
- Norway639 kt (est. 17%)
- United States604 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan410 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya329 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom293 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq218 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia147 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins510 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported193 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data80 kt (2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data79 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports53 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported48 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data45 kt (1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data39 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,814,961 | 76.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 467,211 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 97,490 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 79,713 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Germany: road diesel supply | 78,894 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 45,345 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Germany: road diesel supply | 38,751 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Germany: road diesel supply | 37,773 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Germany: road diesel supply | 32,955 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 544,867 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 457,224 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 384,086 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 341,303 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 321,040 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 234,713 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 193,072 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 168,256 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 117,404 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 106,731 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 79,713 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 78,894 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 78,092 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 74,799 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 52,994 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 51,778 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 51,674 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 45,345 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 44,184 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 38,751 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 34,677 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 22,463 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 22,200 | 58.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 21,910 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 18,902 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 14,832 | 45.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,629 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14,139 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 12,723 | 38.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 12,207 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 5,850 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,625 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 5,024 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,884 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,675 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,367 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,265 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,095 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,070 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Denmark | 1,498 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Germany split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,494 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 941 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 928 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 900 | 62.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 839 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 826 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 775 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 668 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 411 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 380 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 369 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 360 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 271 | 65.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 243 | 48.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 222 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 130 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 123 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 110 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 81 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 73 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 16 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (193,072 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (79,713 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (78,894 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (52,994 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (47,832 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (45,345 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (38,751 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (14,587 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (123 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.