Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 956 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (47%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States184 kt (est. 19%)Norway162 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom88 kt (est. 9%)Iraq72 kt (est. 7%)Libya53 kt (est. 6%)Brazil49 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)421 kt (44%)Netherlands453 kt (47%)Belgium43 kt (5%)France21 kt (2%)Sierra Leone16 kt (2%)Austria2.2 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply956 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Austria
- Luxembourg
- Sweden
- United States184 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway162 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom88 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq72 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya53 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil49 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 452,858 | 47.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 420,640 | 44.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 43,256 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 21,266 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 15,567 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 2,194 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 103,452 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 81,420 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 72,501 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 72,067 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 68,323 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 53,516 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 51,001 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 50,187 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 50,087 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 47,973 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 43,414 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 42,826 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 35,073 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 33,611 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 28,851 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 25,143 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 15,567 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,237 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,387 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 7,919 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,979 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,491 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,273 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,416 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 4,145 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,263 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 2,870 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,496 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,443 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,055 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,959 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,868 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,635 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,630 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,076 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 810 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 601 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 542 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 446 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 372 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 367 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 188 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 100 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 94 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 90 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 70 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 17 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 11 | 59.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (33,611 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (28,851 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (15,567 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,976 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,245 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (70 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.