Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 2,116 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway392 kt (est. 19%)United States351 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan261 kt (est. 12%)Libya208 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom176 kt (est. 8%)Iraq130 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia90 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins321 kt (est. 15%)Germany: crude origin not reported123 kt (6%)Germany: crude not from imports34 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.79 Mt (84%)Netherlands216 kt (10%)Belgium58 kt (3%)Czechia26 kt (1%)Austria15 kt (<1%)Hungary5.3 kt (<1%)Uzbekistan3.6 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.7 kt (<1%)Sweden1.0 kt (<1%)Finland0.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.12 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Uzbekistan
- Slovakia
- Other (4)
- Norway392 kt (est. 19%)
- United States351 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan261 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya208 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom176 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq130 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia90 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins321 kt (est. 15%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported123 kt (6%)
- Germany: crude not from imports34 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,786,977 | 84.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 216,314 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 58,231 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 25,642 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 15,314 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 5,332 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Uzbekistan | Germany: petrol supply | 3,583 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 2,671 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 345,889 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 290,252 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 243,824 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 216,664 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 203,801 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 148,999 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 122,565 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 106,812 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany (own refineries) | 74,530 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 49,415 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 36,156 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 34,631 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 33,642 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 23,973 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,925 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 20,457 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 20,136 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 16,055 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,417 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,290 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10,144 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,738 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,445 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,509 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 7,291 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,888 | 72.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Uzbekistan | 3,583 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,547 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,360 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,001 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,594 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,195 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,133 | 79.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,124 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,559 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,253 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 986 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 725 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 719 | 13.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 706 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Austria | 697 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 656 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 628 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 577 | 59.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 538 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 508 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 494 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 358 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 142 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 120 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 88 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 78 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 48 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 35 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 34 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 28 | 6.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 23 | 5.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (122,565 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (33,642 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (24,294 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,091 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,379 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.