Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 981 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (49%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States180 kt (est. 18%)Norway168 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan104 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom88 kt (est. 9%)Iraq77 kt (est. 8%)Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)Libya55 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins163 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported38 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)412 kt (42%)Netherlands484 kt (49%)Belgium42 kt (4%)France27 kt (3%)Sierra Leone14 kt (1%)Austria2.6 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply981 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Austria
- Luxembourg
- United States180 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway168 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan104 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom88 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq77 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins163 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported38 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 484,241 | 49.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 411,941 | 42.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 42,028 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 26,692 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,581 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 2,590 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 105,628 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 80,860 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 77,267 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 77,027 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 67,731 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 61,697 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 50,443 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 49,923 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 49,640 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 47,081 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 46,569 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 40,999 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 38,245 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 35,794 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 31,261 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 26,727 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 13,581 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,429 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,157 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,688 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,629 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,850 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,222 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 5,116 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 3,809 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,362 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,331 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,927 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,861 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,263 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,182 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 2,150 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,858 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,799 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,239 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 875 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 691 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 490 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 455 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 430 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 356 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 175 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 173 | 6.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 85 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Austria | 83 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (38,245 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (26,727 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (13,581 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,913 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,199 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (85 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.