Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 2,013 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway358 kt (est. 18%)United States326 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan237 kt (est. 12%)Libya189 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom166 kt (est. 8%)Iraq133 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria83 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins331 kt (est. 16%)Germany: crude origin not reported107 kt (5%)Germany: crude not from imports51 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.71 Mt (85%)Netherlands217 kt (11%)Belgium61 kt (3%)Slovakia12 kt (<1%)Romania5.2 kt (<1%)Czechia4.0 kt (<1%)Hungary3.2 kt (<1%)Austria1.7 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.9 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.01 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Czechia
- Hungary
- Austria
- Other (5)
- Norway358 kt (est. 18%)
- United States326 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan237 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya189 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom166 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq133 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria83 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins331 kt (est. 16%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported107 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude not from imports51 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,706,545 | 84.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 216,691 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 60,782 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 11,852 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Germany: petrol supply | 5,180 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 4,012 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 3,203 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 305,012 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 272,097 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 264,433 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 199,616 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 186,954 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 143,373 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 111,362 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 107,395 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 65,646 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 50,656 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 45,020 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 38,457 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 35,679 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,044 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 18,905 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 18,810 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 17,730 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,530 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 12,621 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,460 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 11,852 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,492 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,850 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 7,535 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,220 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,136 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,002 | 74.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,965 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 2,497 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,471 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,204 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,460 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,262 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 1,019 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 1,012 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 931 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 638 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 620 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 575 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 441 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 339 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 278 | 66.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Romania | 273 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 265 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 256 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 248 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 228 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Romania | 194 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Germany split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 140 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Austria | 118 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 92 | 5.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 88 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 87 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 59 | 14.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 56 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 50 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 50 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 41 | 9.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 27 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 24 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 18 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Austria | 8 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 5 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 5 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (107,395 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (50,656 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (25,743 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,855 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,650 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.