Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 958 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (43%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (19%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway186 kt (est. 19%)United States182 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan117 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom85 kt (est. 9%)Iraq74 kt (est. 8%)Libya40 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins145 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)Sierra Leone: no crude data17 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)436 kt (46%)Netherlands416 kt (43%)Belgium63 kt (7%)France23 kt (2%)Sierra Leone17 kt (2%)Austria3.2 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply958 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Austria
- Luxembourg
- Norway186 kt (est. 19%)
- United States182 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan117 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom85 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq74 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya40 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins145 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 436,263 | 45.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 415,913 | 43.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 62,655 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 22,675 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 17,253 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 3,181 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 95,442 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 94,817 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 74,522 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 72,850 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 66,146 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 60,489 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 58,377 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 47,695 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 40,784 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 39,290 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 39,111 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 34,395 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 31,786 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 28,878 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 23,900 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 17,375 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 17,253 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14,619 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,618 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany (own refineries) | 11,485 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9,057 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 8,914 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,790 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,764 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,921 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,440 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,262 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,392 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,880 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,847 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,734 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,636 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,299 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,819 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,620 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,096 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,005 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 802 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 801 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 251 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 244 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 239 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 219 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 79 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Austria | 50 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 29 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (34,395 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (23,900 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (17,253 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,062 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,161 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (79 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.