Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 2,024 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway426 kt (est. 21%)United States331 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan262 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom175 kt (est. 9%)Iraq132 kt (est. 7%)Libya127 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan77 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins337 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported92 kt (5%)Germany: crude not from imports34 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.67 Mt (83%)Netherlands175 kt (9%)Belgium91 kt (5%)Czechia33 kt (2%)Slovakia30 kt (2%)Sweden14 kt (<1%)Austria5.6 kt (<1%)Hungary1.1 kt (<1%)Finland0.6 kt (<1%)Israel0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.02 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Sweden
- Austria
- Hungary
- Other (4)
- Norway426 kt (est. 21%)
- United States331 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan262 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom175 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq132 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya127 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan77 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins337 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported92 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude not from imports34 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,673,752 | 82.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 174,860 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 91,271 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 32,631 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 30,480 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: petrol supply | 13,939 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 5,628 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 363,773 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 279,492 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 236,459 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 223,967 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 150,051 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 121,949 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 110,794 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 91,693 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 61,376 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 40,126 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 34,197 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 32,736 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 31,331 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 28,276 | 92.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 24,028 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 21,296 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 20,052 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 17,147 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 16,519 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 14,461 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,194 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 12,570 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 12,292 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,348 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 9,854 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 8,642 | 62.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,397 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,062 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,982 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,866 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,489 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 2,204 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,872 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,780 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,193 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,167 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,071 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,005 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 918 | 83.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 593 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 543 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 445 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 423 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 388 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Finland | 365 | 65.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Sweden | 364 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 348 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 334 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 321 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 161 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 88 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 76 | 13.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 69 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 64 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 60 | 10.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 53 | 9.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Germany split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 22 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 13 | 64.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 3 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (91,693 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (34,197 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (29,861 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,649 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (133 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.