Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 846 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (45%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States174 kt (est. 21%)Norway149 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan96 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)Iraq68 kt (est. 8%)Brazil38 kt (est. 5%)Libya32 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins120 kt (est. 14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported33 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)377 kt (45%)Netherlands377 kt (45%)Belgium60 kt (7%)France17 kt (2%)Sierra Leone13 kt (2%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.3 kt (<1%)Germany: jet fuel supply846 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- Austria
- Sweden
- United States174 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway149 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan96 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq68 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil38 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya32 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins120 kt (est. 14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported33 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports17 kt (2%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 377,214 | 44.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 377,202 | 44.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 59,876 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 16,975 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,168 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: jet fuel supply | 1,047 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 96,650 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 79,296 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 64,171 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 63,878 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 55,846 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 51,873 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 43,790 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 36,854 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 36,754 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 34,930 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 33,967 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 32,732 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 31,569 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 23,610 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 20,496 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 19,949 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 17,281 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 13,255 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 13,168 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 12,431 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,195 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,723 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,848 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,686 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,347 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,320 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,287 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,353 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,053 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,825 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,783 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 1,730 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,660 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,634 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,431 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 933 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 750 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 571 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 566 | 54.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 444 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 286 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 191 | 59.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 182 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 179 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 61 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 51 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 51 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 51 | 16.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 32 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 28 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 17 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's jet fuel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 14 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 14 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 3 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (32,732 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (20,496 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (17,281 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (13,168 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,538 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,044 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.