Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 2,049 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway406 kt (est. 20%)United States346 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)Libya115 kt (est. 6%)Iraq114 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan59 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins350 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported97 kt (5%)Germany: crude not from imports81 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.78 Mt (87%)Netherlands147 kt (7%)Belgium47 kt (2%)Czechia29 kt (1%)Slovakia28 kt (1%)Austria9.4 kt (<1%)Hungary6.2 kt (<1%)Switzerland2.3 kt (<1%)Sweden0.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.6 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.05 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Switzerland
- Other (5)
- Norway406 kt (est. 20%)
- United States346 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya115 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq114 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan59 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins350 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported97 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude not from imports81 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,777,657 | 86.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 146,508 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 47,442 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 28,680 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 28,362 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 9,422 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 6,208 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 2,258 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 373,691 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 301,030 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 264,994 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 244,457 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 164,613 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 111,266 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 96,590 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 94,010 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 81,438 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 45,567 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 37,540 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 27,469 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 25,294 | 89.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,691 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 17,008 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,314 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 13,021 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,713 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 12,262 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,949 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 9,878 | 34.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,849 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,285 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,327 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 5,098 | 54.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 5,090 | 82.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,634 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,215 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,201 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 3,068 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,419 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 2,258 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,208 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,859 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,579 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,413 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,302 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,118 | 18.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 712 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 619 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 553 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 504 | 59.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 463 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 462 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 352 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 274 | 69.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Austria | 149 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 135 | 16.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 125 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 84 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 77 | 18.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 75 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 68 | 38.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 55 | 43.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 37 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 23 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 9 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 4 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 2 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (96,590 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (81,438 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,302 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,914 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.