Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Germany's jet fuel supply was 862 kt: 46% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (45%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States193 kt (est. 22%)Norway143 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom81 kt (est. 9%)Iraq61 kt (est. 7%)Libya51 kt (est. 6%)Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins115 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)395 kt (46%)Netherlands392 kt (45%)Belgium36 kt (4%)France24 kt (3%)Sierra Leone15 kt (2%)Germany: jet fuel supply862 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- United States193 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway143 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom81 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq61 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya51 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins115 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 395,153 | 45.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 392,115 | 45.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 36,442 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 23,508 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 14,850 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 114,840 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 75,164 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 70,474 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 64,407 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 58,885 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 52,699 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 41,456 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 41,134 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 40,057 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 37,131 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 35,467 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 30,685 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 29,885 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 28,829 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 24,278 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 16,374 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 14,850 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 12,751 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 10,385 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,970 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,441 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,426 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,273 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,234 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,335 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,030 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,857 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,460 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 2,367 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,139 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,885 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,863 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,801 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,608 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,322 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 503 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 491 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 285 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 25 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (30,685 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (24,278 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (14,850 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (10,385 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,838 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (310 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.