Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Germany's petrol supply was 1,993 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway362 kt (est. 18%)United States332 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan257 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)Libya165 kt (est. 8%)Iraq89 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan75 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins329 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported137 kt (7%)Germany: crude not from imports46 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.76 Mt (88%)Netherlands133 kt (7%)Belgium30 kt (1%)Slovakia28 kt (1%)Czechia22 kt (1%)Austria13 kt (<1%)Switzerland3.6 kt (<1%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.4 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply1.99 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Hungary
- Other (5)
- Norway362 kt (est. 18%)
- United States332 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan257 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya165 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq89 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan75 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins329 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported137 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude not from imports46 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,761,637 | 88.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 132,986 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 29,819 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 27,640 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 21,790 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 12,760 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Germany: petrol supply | 3,571 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 335,092 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 287,133 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 261,959 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 234,938 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 165,535 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 158,114 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 136,796 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 72,998 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 62,773 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 46,299 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 38,948 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23,837 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 22,520 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,971 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,951 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 13,585 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 10,824 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,135 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,234 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 7,511 | 34.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,476 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,339 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,089 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,077 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,324 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 3,571 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 3,526 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,799 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,729 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,479 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,338 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,011 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 1,594 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,316 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,307 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,082 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 796 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 791 | 80.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 780 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 779 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 656 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Austria | 611 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 411 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 323 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 234 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 204 | 82.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 161 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 153 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 140 | 21.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Austria | 138 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 78 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 78 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 38 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 33 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 27 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 13 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 11 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (136,796 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (46,299 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,899 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,143 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,415 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (3 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.