Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 844 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (46%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States180 kt (est. 21%)Norway139 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom71 kt (est. 8%)Libya55 kt (est. 7%)Iraq48 kt (est. 6%)Brazil44 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins111 kt (est. 13%)Germany: crude origin not reported33 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)Germany: crude not from imports13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)382 kt (45%)Netherlands389 kt (46%)Belgium42 kt (5%)France17 kt (2%)Sierra Leone13 kt (2%)Germany: jet fuel supply844 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- France
- Sierra Leone
- United States180 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway139 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom71 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq48 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil44 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins111 kt (est. 13%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported33 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude not from imports13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 389,180 | 46.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 382,323 | 45.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 42,374 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 16,843 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,157 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 105,530 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 67,900 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 67,293 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 61,292 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 60,092 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 48,348 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 43,244 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 38,790 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 36,452 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 34,782 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 34,195 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 33,184 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 31,470 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,705 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 23,399 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,828 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 13,157 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 12,987 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 9,680 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,404 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 9,389 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,929 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,766 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,064 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,307 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,249 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,120 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,626 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,082 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 1,943 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,834 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 1,780 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,637 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,409 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,364 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,008 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 597 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 371 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 369 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 301 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (33,184 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (23,399 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,828 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (13,157 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude not from imports (12,987 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,205 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (597 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.