Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Germany's petrol supply was 2,025 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway339 kt (est. 17%)United States325 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan252 kt (est. 12%)Libya209 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan82 kt (est. 4%)Iraq57 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins339 kt (est. 17%)Germany: crude origin not reported156 kt (8%)Germany: crude not from imports61 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)1.79 Mt (89%)Netherlands123 kt (6%)Slovakia41 kt (2%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Belgium17 kt (<1%)Austria16 kt (<1%)Hungary5.3 kt (<1%)France4.0 kt (<1%)Switzerland1.0 kt (<1%)Sweden0.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.5 kt (<1%)Germany: petrol supply2.03 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Belgium
- Austria
- Hungary
- France
- Other (5)
- Norway339 kt (est. 17%)
- United States325 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan252 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya209 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom182 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan82 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq57 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins339 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported156 kt (8%)
- Germany: crude not from imports61 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: petrol supply | 1,792,399 | 88.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: petrol supply | 122,975 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Germany: petrol supply | 41,122 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: petrol supply | 24,356 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: petrol supply | 16,611 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Germany: petrol supply | 16,046 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Germany: petrol supply | 5,295 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: petrol supply | 4,014 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 315,484 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 287,348 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 258,713 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 226,666 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 202,736 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 170,895 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 155,571 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 68,723 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 60,884 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 45,380 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 36,013 | 87.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 33,346 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,643 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,988 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 11,233 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,991 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,805 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,944 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 9,672 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,750 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 7,394 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,897 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,466 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4,011 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,686 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,500 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,123 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,967 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 2,816 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Germany split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,543 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 2,293 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,849 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,666 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,441 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,266 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,223 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,027 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,025 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 933 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 816 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 719 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 535 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 530 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 424 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 390 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 386 | 91.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 378 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 336 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 328 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 258 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Germany split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 240 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 142 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 105 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 89 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 88 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 72 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 66 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 56 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 37 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 32 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 29 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 14 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 14 | 67.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 10 | 5.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 3 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of petrol in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (155,571 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude not from imports (60,884 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,116 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,261 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,036 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.