Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Germany's jet fuel supply was 735 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (48%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States153 kt (est. 21%)Norway132 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan84 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 10%)Libya55 kt (est. 8%)Iraq34 kt (est. 5%)Brazil32 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins89 kt (est. 12%)Germany: crude origin not reported39 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)304 kt (41%)Netherlands350 kt (48%)Belgium52 kt (7%)Sierra Leone16 kt (2%)France13 kt (2%)Germany: jet fuel supply735 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Germany (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Sierra Leone
- France
- United States153 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway132 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan84 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq34 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil32 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins89 kt (est. 12%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported39 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)
- Sierra Leone: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Germany: jet fuel supply | 349,638 | 47.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: jet fuel supply | 304,123 | 41.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Germany: jet fuel supply | 51,980 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sierra Leone | Germany: jet fuel supply | 16,094 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Germany: jet fuel supply | 13,329 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands | 91,640 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 60,369 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 59,321 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 48,383 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 47,387 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 40,757 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 39,060 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany (own refineries) | 38,570 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 36,331 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 36,064 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 30,753 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 27,759 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,525 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 25,326 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 21,453 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 16,300 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Sierra Leone: no crude data | Sierra Leone | 16,094 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,050 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,733 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,959 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,619 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany (own refineries) | 4,850 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,457 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,378 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,199 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,173 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,924 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,518 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,804 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,698 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,565 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany (own refineries) | 1,290 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 1,175 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 1,065 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 963 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 459 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 450 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 437 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 159 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 149 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Germany split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Germany’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (38,570 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,453 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Sierra Leone: no crude data (16,094 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,677 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,063 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.